Cost Minimization of Charging Stations with Photovoltaics: An Approach with EV Classification

摘要

This paper proposes a novel electric vehicle (EV) classification scheme for aphotovoltaic (PV) powered EV charging station (CS) that reduces the effect ofintermittency of electricity supply as well as reducing the cost of energytrading of the CS. Since not all EV drivers would like to be environmentallyfriendly, all vehicles in the CS are divided into three categories: 1) premium,2) conservative, and 3) green, according to their charging behavior. Premiumand conservative EVs are considered to be interested only in charging theirbatteries, with noticeably higher rate of charging for premium EVs. Greenvehicles are more environmentally friendly, and thus assist the CS to reduceits cost of energy trading by allowing the CS to use their batteries asdistributed storage. A different charging scheme is proposed for each type ofEV, which is adopted by the CS to encourage more EVs to be green. A basic mixedinteger programming (MIP) technique is used to facilitate the proposedclassification scheme. It is shown that the uncertainty in PV generation can beeffectively compensated, along with minimization of total cost of energytrading to the CS, by consolidating more green EVs. Real solar and pricing dataare used for performance analysis of the system. It is demonstrated that thetotal cost to the CS reduces considerably as the percentage of green vehiclesincreases, and also that the contributions of green EVs in winter are greaterthan those in summer.